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  1. #1
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    Apr 2004
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    Canada
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    537

    Default



    I have posted this before about a year or two ago, I thought maybe for newcomers it would help ease some tension, adn also give some hope...


    http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/newspub/oct03rpt/stories2.asp

  2. #2
    Join Date
    Feb 2006
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    United States
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    Default

    VERY INTERESTING!!!
    thanks for posting

  3. #3
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    May 2005
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    United States
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    658

    Default

    ugh, who wolud volunteer for that study? LOL
    \"Napoleon, you\'re just jealous because I\'ve been talking to babes online all day.\" ~ Kip

  4. #4
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    Nov 2005
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    Default

    Bring on the FUT2 !!!!!!!
    ~*~Charlene~*~

  5. #5
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    Nov 2004
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    United States
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    159

    Default

    Very interesting. Thank you for posting it.

  6. #6
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    Dec 2005
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    United States
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    Default

    I read that last year, isnt that very intersting? Is there anyone on this board that has never had an sv? I think I had it once about 11 years ago. I didnt v but sure felt like it. Kim

  7. #7
    Join Date
    Oct 2010
    Location
    USA Florida
    Posts
    38

    Default Re: Norwalk Virus Immunity

    Hi I am new, I tried to read it but it won't let me, very interested...thanks.

  8. #8
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    Feb 2010
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    Jacksonville, NC
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    1,437

    Default Re: Norwalk Virus Immunity

    i have never had a stomach virus and I am 33

  9. #9
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    Feb 2010
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    Jacksonville, NC
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    1,437

    Default Re: Norwalk Virus Immunity

    oh I guess i should say, I eat whatever I want, I have 2 children, I never washed my hands a ton, I travel etc...

  10. #10
    Join Date
    May 2008
    Location
    Australia
    Posts
    1,100

    Default Re: Norwalk Virus Immunity

    Quote Originally Posted by ann32 View Post
    i have never had a stomach virus and I am 33

    Lucky!! Basically everyone I know has had at least one but even my parents have probably only ever had one or two each in their lives. I just think some people are honestly more prone to them than others.

  11. #11
    Join Date
    Sep 2010
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    USA
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    473

    Default Re: Norwalk Virus Immunity

    I recall my dad having one sv in his adult life that I'm aware of. I have no recollection of my mom ever having one. My sister seems to get one every few years. My dad has v plenty of times but it's mostly from these migraines he gets. My mom is a nurse and gets exposed to stuff frequently. But in my 34 years of age, I recall my mom v only twice. Once because she said she ate too many bluberry pancakes and second time after having part of her colon removed. She had colon cancer. She tried to eat something in the hospital and her digestive system wasn't yet ready after the surgery and it came back up. Even with chemo she didn't V. My mom has the stomach of an emet.

  12. #12
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    Sep 2009
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    United States
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    295

    Default Re: Norwalk Virus Immunity

    I wasnt able to read it...:-(
    Make me whole again....

  13. #13
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    Sep 2010
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    Grantham, Lincolnshire, UK
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    109

    Default Re: Norwalk Virus Immunity

    It comes up saying bad request.

  14. #14
    Join Date
    Oct 2009
    Location
    Alabama, USA
    Posts
    1,722

    Default Re: Norwalk Virus Immunity

    This happens:

    Bad request
    The page that you are looking for might have been removed, had its name changed, had its content expired, or is temporarily unavailable.
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Please try the following:

    •Make sure that the Web site address displayed in the address bar of your browser is spelled and formatted correctly.
    •If you reached this page by clicking a link, contact the Web site administrator to alert them that the link is incorrectly formatted.
    •Click the Back button or open the home page for this Web site and look for other links to the information that you want.
    HTTP Error 400 - Request is badly formed.
    Internet Information Services (IIS)

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Technical Information (for support personnel)

    •Go to Microsoft Product Support Services and perform a title search for the words HTTP and 400.
    •Open IIS Help, which is accessible in IIS Manager (inetmgr), and search for topics titled Web Site Setup, Web Site Administration, and About Custom Error Messages.

  15. #15
    Join Date
    Sep 2010
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    Grantham, Lincolnshire, UK
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    109

    Default Re: Norwalk Virus Immunity

    Yes and I was really interested in reading it too

  16. #16
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    Sep 2010
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    1,293

    Default Re: Norwalk Virus Immunity

    I don`t know if I`m now immune to SVs, but I had several as a child. I haven`t had one since I was a teenager, & I`m in my 50`s now, but I don`t take chances. I take vitamin supplements with an ingriedient said to promote a healthy digestive system, & i`m always washing my hands, so maybe that`s why.

  17. #17
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    Oct 2009
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    1,722

    Default Re: Norwalk Virus Immunity

    Here is the article originally linked; as retreived by the Wayback Machine archive:

    Escaping the Norwalk Virus


    This past May, American soldiers encamped in northern Iraq fell victim to an invisible enemy: a norovirus, common cause of the so-called stomach flu. Within weeks, as many as 2,500 soldiers, mostly from the 101st Airborne Division, developed symptoms—diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, headaches, and weakness—that ranged from mild to devastating. The virus probably spread on the spigots of jury-rigged faucets. But many soldiers who used those same faucets remained healthy, despite regular exposure to the highly contagious norovirus.

    Such widely variable responses, typical of norovirus epidemics, have long puzzled scientists. Outbreaks tend to occur in close quarters, such as cruise ships, nursing homes, summer camps, or military encampments. As with the outbreak in northern Iraq, a sizable proportion of exposed individuals usually remains unaffected. Now, scientists have discovered possible clues to this viral resistance. For many individuals, the secret to protection appears to lie in a gene known as FUT2.

    In a study conducted at the NCRR-supported General Clinical Research Center (GCRC) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Dr. Christine L. Moe and her colleagues found that more than half of 77 volunteers exposed to Norwalk virus, a type of norovirus, were resistant to infection. About half of these protected individuals had FUT2 mutations that blocked production of H type-1, a carbohydrate and blood group antigen found on many cell surfaces. All volunteers who had two copies of the nonfunctional FUT2 gene remained healthy, even after receiving high doses of the virus. The findings suggest that H type-1 is the cellular receptor that binds Norwalk virus and allows it to enter cells. The study also jibes with earlier clinical studies that identified possible links between blood group antigens and norovirus susceptibility.

    Photo: In clinical trials, Dr. Christine Moe (left) and her colleagues observed that some volunteers had a quick immune response when exposed to Norwalk virus and remained uninfected, perhaps because of past exposure to a similar virus. This immunoprotection may hold promise for vaccine development. (Photo by Jack Kearse, Emory Health Sciences Photography)

    The North Carolina research also confirmed what had long been suspected based on anecdotal evidence: that the virus is infectious at incredibly low levels. “For those who were susceptible, the amount of virus necessary to develop infection was down to the limits of detection,” says Dr. Moe, formerly at the University of North Carolina and now associate professor of international health at Emory University in Atlanta.

    Knowledge of the mechanisms that reduce vulnerability to viruses could provide important clues for treating and preventing communicable diseases like norovirus infections, which cause an estimated 23 million cases of gastrointestinal illness in the United States each year. In developing countries, nearly 100 percent of children have contracted the viruses and developed antibodies to them by age five. Most often, noroviruses are spread through contaminated water and food.

    Dr. Moe has been investigating noroviruses and other infectious agents for more than a decade. For the past five years, her clinical studies often have depended on the specialized research staff and infrastructure of the GCRC, which offers an ideal environment for analyzing the clinical aspects of viral exposure while ensuring the safety of volunteers. “It is incredibly important to be able to do these studies under safe and controlled conditions, like those available at the GCRCs,” Dr. Moe says.

    In preparing for the norovirus study, the GCRC staff recruited and carefully screened all volunteers to ensure that their exposure to the virus would not injure them, their families, or community members. When the study began, each of the 77 volunteers, men and women aged 18 to 50, was given a dose of virus mixed with water. Volunteers spent the next five days in the GCRC, receiving round-the-clock care. GCRC staff collected saliva, blood, and stool samples that were used for genetic screening and for tracking immune response and viral load. Volunteers returned at days 8, 14, and 21 for follow-up evaluations.

    As expected, the researchers observed that a substantial number of volunteers—56 percent—did not become infected. To determine possible causes, Dr. Moe’s team collaborated with scientists at the Institute of Biology in Nantes, France. In earlier studies, the French scientists had evaluated norovirus infection in rabbit cells and shown that blood group antigens similar to H type-1 are required for viral docking, and possibly entry, to the cells. Previous clinical studies also have identified a link between red blood cell antigens and Norwalk virus infection.

    The French scientists screened the volunteers’ DNA for the FUT2 gene. Normal versions of the gene produce the enzyme a-(1,2)fucosyltransferase, needed to generate the H type-1 molecule. The researchers found that all individuals with deactivated versions of FUT2 remained healthy even after high-dose exposure to Norwalk virus. “H type-1 is the receptor that provides a door into the cell,” comments lead author Lisa Lindesmith, a laboratory research specialist at the University of North Carolina’s School of Public Health. “Without the receptor, the virus cannot gain access to the cell, regardless of how much virus gets into the gastrointestinal tract.” The malfunctioning FUT2 gene appears to provide genetic resistance to Norwalk virus, Lindesmith notes. “Because of this study, FUT2 has become one of only a few human genes with a known link to viral resistance,” she says.

    But genes are only part of the story. Dr. Moe and her colleagues also discovered that some volunteers with normal, nonprotective versions of the FUT2 gene remained healthy despite exposure to high doses of the virus. Studies led by Dr. Ralph Baric, professor of epidemiology at the University of North Carolina’s School of Public Health, showed that these men and women mount an impressive mucosal immune response that peaks between the second and third days, perhaps because they had been exposed to a similar virus in the past. In contrast, volunteers who became sick did not produce mucosal antibodies to the virus until a week or more after viral challenge.

    Such rapid development of immunoprotection is good news, says Dr. Moe, because it suggests that vaccination may one day protect against the virus. Since Norwalk virus accounts for only about five percent of norovirus outbreaks each year, finding signs of acquired immunity suggests either that people can develop long-term immunity to Norwalk virus, or that infection with a related norovirus confers protective immunity for more than one viral strain.

    Many questions remain. For instance, not all of the norovirus variants enter a cell through the same molecular door. The H type-1 molecule, generated via the FUT2 gene, has been implicated only in Norwalk virus infection, Dr. Moe notes. “We need to discover which receptors serve as cellular doorways for other noroviruses,” she says. “We also must identify the factors that allow individuals to acquire and maintain immunity. Which viral strains must they be exposed to, and at what frequency, to gain and maintain protection?”

    Dr. Moe, in collaboration with Lindesmith and Dr. Baric, plans to conduct additional norovirus studies at the Emory GCRC to further test the hypothesis that acquired immunity protects some people from infection. It is possible that a quick antibody response could signify reactivation of an earlier, so-called memory immune response. Additional evidence of acquired immunity would come if volunteers who got sick after a single viral challenge were later able to remain uninfected after a second challenge. If such studies ultimately lend support to the effectiveness of acquired immunity, Dr. Moe says, she and her colleagues are prepared to start designing a vaccine.

    —Bernice Wuethrich

    This research is supported by the Division of Clinical Research of the National Center for Research Resources and by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    For more information, visit the NCRR Division of Clinical Research page.

    Additional Reading
    Lindesmith, L., Moe, C., Marionneau, S., et al., Human susceptibility and resistance to Norwalk virus infection. Nature Medicine 9:548-553, 2003.

  18. #18
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    Apr 2004
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    USA
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    Default Re: Norwalk Virus Immunity

    I love the Wayback Machine reference!
    "Whether you think you can or you think you can't, you're right."

  19. #19
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    Dec 2004
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    United States
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    Default Re: Norwalk Virus Immunity

    Great article. I have one question. Who on earth would volunteer for the study?

    How does the ad for volunteers read?

    "Wanted Volunteers to participate in a norovirus study. You will be injected with a virus that within 24-48 hours of exposure you will more than likely experience nauseau, possible fever, body aches, chills, V*** and D*** that may last up to two to three days. Symptoms may range from mild to severe."

    I guess it is different strokes for different (and I mean different) folks.


    Stella

  20. #20
    Join Date
    Oct 2010
    Location
    Austin, TX
    Posts
    197

    Default Re: Norwalk Virus Immunity

    LigoCyte is coming out with a norovirus vaccine

  21. #21
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    Jun 2009
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    United States
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    Default Re: Norwalk Virus Immunity

    I think it's really awesome that they are developing this. Personally, I doubt I'll get it as I don't like taking any vaccines unless they have been around for a long time and the long term side effects are known. I don't even do flu shots heheh. But this is awesome, especially for the next generations. Can you imagine living in a noro-free world?


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